Similarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates - 1250 Words

Machiavelli and Socrates are two of the most influential figures in modern day political philosophy. These two individuals established the bases for our interpretation of the world and human political interaction. While they were separated by centuries and a significant geographic distance, it is fascinating nonetheless to ponder what they would think of each other. Sadly it is impossible to ask themselves and so we must instead turn to their writings in order to glean an idea of what their opinions would be. What this investigation reveals is that Socrates would have detested the philosophies of Machiavelli. Principally, the two men differ on three very important matters of belief. These items are the role of advising and questioning,†¦show more content†¦This conflicts heavily with Socrates views in a multitude of ways. While Socrates believes that all should be able to question and advise the government, Machiavelli believes that this should fall only to the selected few. Also, while Socrates believes that man should be questioning always, especially when the leaders do not wish for it, Machiavelli believes that the government only need take advice at its desire. This forms a major division in opinions and approach to governance. Again the backgrounds of the two writers become apparent with Socrates following a democratic model and Machiavelli following a monarchical model. A second major division between Socrates and Machiavelli’s methods of thinking lies within their belief in method of governance. Machiavelli supports within his writings the idea of a supreme ruler with absolute power. Furthermore, he suggests that for this ruler â€Å"it is much safer to be feared than loved.† Machiavelli believes that this is preferable as it is easier to weather tough times through fear than love. His logic in this being that love will degrade during hardship while fear will not. Socrates, on the other hand, derives from a city of democracy and checked power. This colors his beliefs and opinions to be those based in equality and rule through consent. Machiavelli suggests that a leader’s power should be absolute in order to better control a populace and a country. He suggests that this ruler should be able to do asShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1197 Words   |  5 Pages Socrates and Machiavelli both grew up in t imes of political instability which formed and shaped their political beliefs. Machiavelli primarily discussed his view of how a leader should behave in the book: The Prince. A prince is an individual who is the leader of a state or group of people. Machiavelli’s version of a prince is very accurate but, Socrates would not support Machiavelli’s version of a prince. Machiavelli believed a prince must be domineering and aggressive, while Socrates viewedRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1905 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 1 While Socrates and Machiavelli lived over 1900 years apart, the dilemmas their societies faced draw many parallels. In Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, he demonstrates a wide-ranging set of rules and principles to be followed by a leader to ensure the steady maintenance of authority and stability in a state or principality. Not only would Socrates be opposed to many of the espoused views in â€Å"The Prince† on what creates a successful ruler, thereby society, but had he lived in Machiavelli’s â€Å"ideal†Read MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1084 Words   |  5 Pagesamong them were Socrates and Machiavelli, whose ideas regarding violence and its ideal usage to us inspired countless other prominent figures after their respective times. Socrates believed humans are imperfect and fallible, and should therefore avoid using violence. Machiavelli on the on the other hand considered violence a useful tool in achieving one’s goals . Considering both thinkers’ impacts on history, a question arises: whose concept of violence is more corrupting, Socrates’ or Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1534 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment 241: Political Philosophy Professor Ives October 13, 2017 The morality which guided Socrates were an end all, be all for him. He did not wish to live without his search for truth. Socrates would see a Machiavellian Prince as self-centered, and void of morals. A Machiavellian prince would not appreciate the way Socrates carried himself and would see him as a challenge to his authority. Socrates would not support a Machiavellian society because most likely he would not be free to philosophizeRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1649 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli both existed during times of political unrest. Both men sought different means of political leadership, and could be seen as activists of their times. During times of war and unrest, it was a bold choice that both men made to stand up for their beliefs and speak out against the system. However, Socrates wouldn’t have agreed with Machiavelli’s means and concepts of the Prince and his ideas for how a political establishment should function . Machiavelli’s means may have beenRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1544 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates agree on very little. While an initial reading of the two may elicit some comparisons, the goals of their respective philosophies rely on different foundations, and would therefore culminate in very different political results for society. Socrates would likely see in the Prince a selfish ruler, while Machiavelli would see in Socrates a dangerous idealist whose ideas would lead to instability and the death of the state in which these ideas were implemented. Machiavelli’sRead MoreSimilarities Between Socrates And Machiavelli1803 Words   |  8 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates were beings of their time. The world around them shaped their views, and their views have in turn shaped ours. While both lived through turbulent times, they do not share the same ideology. Socrates would dislike Machiavelli’s description of the ideal princ e, regardless of how the prince actually ruled. Socrates would oppose both how the prince got to power and keeps it, as well as the society over which he rules. Socrates assigned certain responsibilities to both the rulerRead MoreSimilarities Of Socrates And Machiavelli1669 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Socrates and Machiavelli emerged as renowned thinkers of their time because of their approaches to government that moved away from idealism and towards a rational and real approach. To understand why Socrates would be critical of Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince we must understand the similarities and differences between the two philosophers, and then analyze if Socrates would find his ruling system to be efficient. Socrates and Machiavelli value the qualities of a strong and fair ruler, howeverRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1579 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli hasRead MoreThe Ideas Of Machiavelli And Socrates1988 Words   |  8 PagesThe ideas of Machiavelli and Socrates have influenced the leadership styles and approaches of leaders around the world. From Stalin to the founding fathers of the United States, Machiavellian influenced motives and ideals can be seen throughout modern history. Socrates is often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, and his teachings have been passed on to leaders over the centuries. This paper will state both the Machiavel li’s concept of a ‘Prince’, and present Socrates’ perspective on

Understanding Bodybuilding Free Essays

If Greek mythology existed, bodybuilding would be the sport made for the gods. It is a sport that demands more than most can give. Bodybuilding is not for the faint of heart, nor the weak minded. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Bodybuilding or any similar topic only for you Order Now To be successful is this grueling sport you must have the mentality of success imprinted on your thoughts everyday. Once you have achieved this mentality you no longer spend idle time pondering empty thoughts, but instead you learn to use your mind consciously, every day, as if being in a constant state of meditation, with your thoughts fixed on the end result. Having that end result be the ability to unveil something that is more then beautiful. Before I sold my soul to my education, I was an active bodybuilder who loved everything about the sport. I was introduced to this sport when I was 12, although I remember it like it was yesterday. I went with my mom to the grocery store to try and convince her that buying Reeses would somehow be a great idea. As we were walking I decided to look for the biggest bag I could find. I cut through the section with all the magazines to get to the candy isle as quick as possible. It was in that isle, on a muscle mag magazine that I first saw a picture of a man named Dorian Yates. A man that stood 6’1, 270lbs, with what looked like only muscle. I remember staring at the front cover for what felt like a lifetime, I knew from that second, that’s what I want to look like. I no longer wanted to be a pro football player, or a pro basketball player; I wanted to be a professional bodybuilder. I forgot completely about the candy, found my mom and asked if I could push the cart from then on. Of course, at that time I was too young to venture into anything that resembled a bodybuilding lifestyle, yet I still used my little weights every night. It wasn’t until I was 18 that my bodybuilding mentality took over my mind. Going into my first year of high school I met this girl who slowly became my upmost passion. We started dating before I could even drive, until my first semester in college, she was my world. I loved everything about this girl and was certain she was that one I would spend the rest of my life with. However, mid way through my first semester in college she decided it was best to go our separate ways. Completely devastated, and young, I came up with the idea I wasn’t enough, that if I had could become something more then great she would have never left. I then turned to bodybuilding, first in the mentality of hate, channeling my emotions through the pain of lifting. But as time went by my idea of doing this for her transformed to having bodybuilding became infused into who I was. Everything I read, everything I thought about was bodybuilding. I went from spending money on going out and clothes, to supplements and protein. No matter what life through at me, no matter how upset I became, I could always set foot in a gym and forget the worries of the world. Walking into a gym was like stepping on a battle field, I knew I would have to fight my way through heavy sets of iron resistance to come out on the other side victorious. With weight stacked against me I would sit down on the closest bench, eyes closed and music blaring, concentrating on the task I had before me. I would think to myself: pain is temporary, but glory is forever. That no matter what, I was going to get this weight up even if it destroyed me in the process. By the time I opened my eyes I had become so focused on that I had to do that I could only see the weight I needed to overcome. It was as if I summoned all the strength I had in me to be ready to take on the world. I then would perform the exercise. As I brought the weight down to my chest I knew I was in for a fight. And then it began, as I pressed the weight off my chest with all my strength I had I told myself ignore the pain, become great. Seeing a bodybuilding yell as he is trying to finish a repetition is more then beautiful to me. It’s our on way of saying I’m not giving up till I’ve won. To me, each time I perform an exercise is one step closer in becoming great. I feel that most everyone has a misunderstood concept of what bodybuilding is and means. This sport isn’t a hobby, or something you can do on the side. This has to be a lifestyle, a passion, and a desire. When I was an active bodybuilder I viewed myself as an artist working on a masterpiece. It’s the mind not the body that determines your success as a bodybuilder; it’s mental aspect that allows you to press past the pain barrier, to enjoy being in the gym for countless hours, and to lust for more. Your mind is what sculpts your body into art. I also believe people view bodybuilders somewhat gross, or obsessed. I feel like everyone is so used to seeing someone who is in average shape, with little to no definition, someone who doesn’t have the time or discipline to sculpt their body. This makes bodybuilders look freakishly, and unattractive, rather then beautiful, and full of hard work and sacrifice. These are the people who don’t understand what is actually involved in this sport. Bodybuilding is one of the fastest growing sports in the world. It is a great challenge, and a great success. There are many aspects in becoming a great bodybuilder like, having good nutrition, a choice of good supplements, good training hours, preparation for competition, and a good mind frame. If all these aspects are met then there is a future. Most people stereotype bodybuilders as a â€Å"meat head† or someone who lifts religiously and gains mass. Although this is true in almost every case, lifting weights is only responsible for a quarter of the results. Nutrition is a large percentage of a bodybuilder’s success; it determines how well they effectively apply knowledge to nutrition. The limiting factor to the ultimate success of your workout is what happens after you leave the gym. This is one of the biggest misunderstood concepts for someone who is trying to excel in this life style. Nutrition consists of macronutrients and micronutrients. The macronutrients consist of protein, carbohydrates, fat, and water. The micronutrients are vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. The best source of nutrition is through whole foods. A bodybuilder should never allow the use of supplements to overshadow the consumption of whole foods. For a bodybuilder the most confusing part about the sport is making sure of good nutrition and diet. Another fundamental element of success is allowing your body to recover. A bodybuilder gains size when torn muscle fibers are reconnected or â€Å"patched† with new muscle tissue. The added tissue gives you that swollen look that every bodybuilder lusts for. Bodybuilding, in all its aspects, has many similarities with a lot of activities we find ourselves consumed in. As football players strive to achieve new skills in practice, so do bodybuilders in a gym. It takes just as much focus and willpower to not only play this sport, but to continue it everyday. It requires as much focus and determinate as a college student trying to excel in his classes. There was one point in my life where I was completely consumed by bodybuilding. I started out with a fragile frame, consisting of a mere 125 pathetic pounds. Not knowing much of anything about this sport, I would stay up at night in search of the greatest motivational quotes to help me maintain on my path. Regardless of what I had in front of me, my mind was constantly fixed on my workout session that was to come. The greatest feeling for me was to wake up in pain; with that pain meaning I put in enough effort in the gym for my body to realize it. I loved every aspect of lifting, from buying bigger clothes to the research of supplements. After obtaining three very hard and grueling years, and falling into an addiction to steroids, I was finally shaping into a monster. Standing only 5’11, I achieved to grow to a massive 220 pounds. I remember vividly the reaction of friends and family members that hadn’t seen me in some time. Astonished, some reacted in a positive way telling me how impressive it was, I can only remember however, the people who told me I had taken this idea to an extreme. Id be lying if I told you this didn’t bother me. I had put in so much effort and sacrificed so much to become what I was. So many asked â€Å"why do you do it, why do you like it, the process looks so painful. † For so long I couldn’t fathom to try to put a reason into words. After many failed attempts to explain why I gave up trying to explain to so many eager to understand. It wasn’t until I read a quote from a bodybuilding magazine that an athlete had stated after he had one a competition could I explain my obsession for greatness. The quote, â€Å"the reason I do all that, put my body through all that†¦is because I love it. † As little as that explains to many, it was the perfect explanation to me. The reason I put myself through all the pain and sacrifice, was because I loved it. Bodybuilding was my passion, my obsession; it had became so great in my life that it captivated me. After all was said and done, I was met with disappointment, as I came to realize the worlds opposition on bodybuilders. I wish I could tell you that I stayed true with my dreams, or that I didn’t let the world decide what looked best, but I did. For as long as I can remember, all I wanted was to be Dorain Yates, to be great. I wish I could explain what it felt like to accomplish a dream only to have it turn against you. For the first time in what felt like forever, I no longer wanted to be great, I wanted to be â€Å"normal. † Maybe I had taken it too far, maybe they were right, or maybe they all had a misunderstood concept of what bodybuilding is really about. How to cite Understanding Bodybuilding, Papers

Competitive Interference in Entertainment Media

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Interference in Entertainment Media. Answer: Introduction: Integrated marketing communication generally refers to the extended approach for achieving the marketing objectives through different promotional activities. The effective integrated communication plan helps in recognising the value of a comprehensive plan, which explores different types of communication process. On the other hand, word of mouth is one of the most powerful strategies for establishing the marketing communications. The positive word of mouth helps in building Trust, Customer Buzz, and Loyalty. For example, Starbucks, the famous Coffee Shop has built an emperor in marketing communication process through the efficient word of mouth strategy (Socialmediaweek.org, 2016). The company did not rely on the traditional advertisement process to ensure the growth opportunity. The company invested a commendable amount on strengthening the social media presence. Extracting the customer feedbacks is most effective process of establishing word of mouth that spreads awareness among th e potential customers. The positive word of mouth creates the customer buzz, which is necessary for promoting the products and make people aware of the product features. Starbucks has used such strategy to establish the effective promotional marketing of the products. Product placement helps in spreading awareness for new products, service, or brands. The customers can avail the opportunity of accessing alternative products and services for their use through the effective product placement process. The product placement of Adidas is mainly concentrating on television marketing. The product placement is the second line of promotional marketing of Adidas (Hang, 2014). The sports companies are associated with the sponsorship programmes for ensuring the effective product placements. The effective public relation strategy is much helpful in reaching to the public, competitors and business clients. The maintenance of the skilled PR strategy attracts the business clients as well as the potential customers for establishing the future sustainability. References Hang, H. (2014). Brand-placement effectiveness and competitive interference in entertainment media.Journal of Advertising Research,54(2), 192-199. Socialmediaweek.org, (2016). Word of Mouth Case Studies from Superdry and Starbucks. [online] Social Media Week. Available at: https://socialmediaweek.org/blog/2014/01/social-marketing-word-mouth-case-studies-superdry-starbucks/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2017].

The Role Of Women In Gunter Grasss free essay sample

The Role Of Women In Gunter Grass? s Cat And Mouse Essay, Research Paper The function that adult females played in Nazi Germany was a little one, one in which they were expected to make little things to assist the war attempt. The function adult females play in Cat and Mouse is non much better that those in Nazi Germany. It can? t be wholly determined if these are Grass? s personal positions of adult females, or if he is seeking to do a point about how unfairly adult females were treated in his clip, but there were two basic functions that adult females played in this novel. There was the seductress, a adult female who either wittingly or non, tried to acquire all of the work forces she could, and there was the simple-minded adult female, who wasn? T wholly certain of what was traveling on, and tended to dish the dirt and transport on. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Of Women In Gunter Grasss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The characters who fit the first description are Tulla, Pilenz? s female parent and the commanding officer? s married woman. Throughout the narrative, Tulla is consciously seeking to entice the male childs into some kind of sexual activity. There is the case on the boat, where she begs them all to masturbate for her ( Grass 42-45 ) and there is the clip where she comes out have oning a bantam, banal swimwear that exposes her as though she were bare ( Grass 105-106 ) . This is her lone function on the book ; every clip she is mentioned, she? s either making something sexual, or being thought about in a sexual manner. Assorted times throughout the novel, Pilenz dreams about taking her to the films, or acquiring her to travel all the manner, but nil of all time comes of it. The following character, Pilenz? s female parent, is merely in the novel for a short clip, but the lone thing it mentions about her is that she is cooking dinner degree Fahrenheit or a adult male, and Pilenz can? t remember which of her many work forces it is ( Grass 143 ) . The 3rd character besides has a little function, but a really noticeable 1. The commanding officer? s married woman is merely in the narrative as a adult female who, apparently against his will, lures Mahlke into a hebdomad long twine of sexual brushs ( Grass 148 ) ( As a spot of a side note, there were besides the misss who attended the address and weren? T have oning bandeaus [ Grass 85 ] ) . The two adult females in the narrative who fit the 2nd word picture are Mahlke? s female parent and aunt. When Pilenz comes over to see Mahlke, they sit about, stating inappropriate things and rattle off inquiry after inquiry. A figure of times, Mahlke is forced to maneuver them back onto the topic, or state them that certain inquiries aren? t appropriate ; they can? t figure this out by themselves. Later on, when Pilenz meets Mahlke? s aunt on the street, she misses the significance of the armored combat vehicles at the underside of the missive, something he picks up easy. She is besides losing the bigger image later when Pilenz comes over and asks for transcribed meats and other non-perishable things. She doesn? t of all time think something might be incorrect, she merely gives him tins of nutrient and sends him on his manner ( Grass 176 ) . The mean adult female in this narrative is non portrayed in the best visible radiation. If it were merely for that, I would believe Grass has a disfavor for adult females, but he includes the Virgin Mary. She is the centre of this narrative, and is the object of Mahlke? s entire devotedness. Based on that fact, the adult females in the narrative seem to stand for the manner adult females are normally viewed, and the Virgin Mary represents the manner they should be viewed.

The dark tourism Essays

The dark tourism Essays The dark tourism Essay The dark tourism Essay Presentation of the Problem Tourism covers legion signifiers of travel and a wide scope of finishs. Dark Tourism describes a niche type of touristry which covers the trial of topographic points where calamities or historically notable deceases have occurred of establishments covering with the heritage of humanity ( Tarlow, 2005 ) . Particularly in the last decennaries, dark touristry has become apparently more popular and has received more attending ( Stone, 2009 ) . Foley and Lennon ( 1999 ) province that touristry associated with sites of decease is registering a rapid growing. Smith ( 1996 ) found in her research on war and touristry that the memorabilia of warfare and allied merchandises likely forms the largest individual class of tourer attractive forces in the universe, despite the calamities and dissuasive incidents which have happened at that place. One of the earliest illustrations of dark tourer sites in the beginning of the nineteenth century was a gaol in the United States of America, which receive d public involvement because of its architectural inventions and fresh patterns ( Stone, 2009 ) . Meanwhile, sing sites of decease and catastrophe has developed into a worldwide phenomenon. But the demand for dark touristry musca volitanss is various. Beside the affair of decease, involvement in civilization, history or merely the desire for amusement are possible grounds why 1000000s of people are sing topographic points of dark touristry ( Stone, 2006 ) . Despite an increasing sum of surveies on the subject ( Seaton, 1996 ; Lennon and Foley, 2000 ; Sharpley and Stone, 2009 ) there is still a deficiency of understanding what really motivates worlds to see sites of dark touristry and to prosecute themselves with the subjects of decease, catastrophe and race murder. Due to the fact that dark touristry is a turning signifier of touristry, it is necessary to understand why people are motivated to see topographic points where other people have suffered. Purposes of the Bachelor Thesis The intent of this survey is to place the motivations of visitants sing former battlegrounds where historically of import conflicts have been fought. This survey will give a better, theoretically informed apprehension of tourer motive and its function in the determination devising procedure. The undermentioned inquiries will be examined in respects to this subject: Which push factors play a function in visitors? motive to battlefields? Which pull factors play a function in visitors? motive? What function do peculiarly degree of instruction, involvement in history, media and personal connexion drama in visitors? motive? Which other visitant motivations influence the determination to see battlegrounds? Methodology Structure of the Thesis This Bachelor Thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empirical portion. The end of the theoretical portion is to supply and explicate the theories, footings and definitions used in this survey to organize a thorough literature reappraisal to reexamine literature for planing the research and construing the findings. Dark Tourism Definition of Dark Tourism Lennon and Foley described the term dark touristry as the phenomenon which encompasses the presentation and ingestion ( by visitants ) of existent and commodified decease and catastrophe sites ( 1996:198 ) . An illustration of really early signifiers of dark touristry would be the gladiatorial games of the Roman country or public executings in mediaeval age ( Stone, 2009 ) . Boorstin ( 1964, in Stone 2009 ) states that the first organized circuit in England in 1838 was a trip by train to witness the hanging of two liquidators. Dark touristry sites and attractive forces are non merely going more and more popular ( Sharpley, 2005 ) but besides vary tremendously in their presentation of decease. They reach from jesting houses of horror, over decease sites of celebrated people to topographic points of mass slaying like the Holocaust decease cantonments. Seaton ( 1996 ) cites a figure of attractive forces, including the battleground of Waterloo and the inhumed metropolis of Pompeii ; the latter is said to be the greatest and most celebrated thanatoptic travel finish of the Romantic period ( Seaton, 1996 ) . In contrast to Stone, Seaton prefers utilizing the definition thanatourism alternatively of dark touristry. He describes thanatourism as being the travel to a location entirely, or partly, motivated by the desire for existent or symbolic brushs with decease, peculiarly, but non entirely, violent decease, which may, to a varying grade be activated by the person-specific characteristics of those whose deceases are its focal objects ( 1996:240 ) . This would intend that people, going to dark sites, are active traveling at that place in order to see the aura of such topographic points. In add-on to this, he believes that thanatourism is defined by the consumer s motivations and that single traveller motive do play a function in this sort of touristry. Another definition synced with dark touristry is the term black musca volitans , which are commercial developments of grave sites and sites in which famous persons or big Numberss of peoples have met with sudden and violent deceases ( Rojek, 1993:136 ) . Rojek shows three different illustrations of Black Spots the day of remembrance of John Fitzgerald Kennedy s slaying in Dallas, Texas, the one-year candle flame vigil in memory of Elvis Presley and the one-year pilgrims journey to the portion of the Californian main road where James Dean died in a auto clang. Both the looks dark touristry and thanatourism will be used in this research, because they have the same significance, but are otherwise interpreted. Thanatourism is based on the motivational facet, while dark touristry is attraction severally location based. In contrast, black musca volitanss are a parts of the dark touristry spectrum and instead describe topographic points of sudden and violent decease. In this instance, graveyards would non be portion of black topographic point sites. Seatons reading will be used in the undermentioned survey. As I am look intoing motivations of people sing dark tourer sites, I adopt the definition of Seaton because it is more elaborate and better apprehensible than the definitions of Rojek, Lennon and Foley. Furthermore the definition fits better as motivational position. Classification of dark touristry Dark touristry is, in its assorted signifiers, multi-faceted, multi tiered and exists in a assortment of societal, cultural, geographical and political contexts ( Stone, 2009 ) . A full classification of all death-related attractive forces is really complex and hard. Furthermore, in contrast to Foley and Lennon, Seaton ( 2006 ) states that thanatourism works on coherency between two elements: foremost, if the traveller has merely one or more motivations to see a topographic point of decease, and secondly, the extend to which the involvement in decease is person-centered or scale-of-death centered. Mentioning to Figure 1, it can be concluded that people sing sites of decease, for illustration a battleground or a prison where a relation has died or has suffered, have a weak thanatourism component in their motive. The involvement in decease is person-centered because this is the intent of visit in the first case. In contrast, people who are sing the same sights but have no relations or friends which might hold suffered at that place, show a strong thanatourism component. They are interested in decease itself and are fascinated by those sights. Dark touristry supply and demand It is obvious that people have long been attracted to topographic points of decease and catastrophe. In footings of supply, there has been a rapid growing in the proviso of such attractive forces or experiences ; so, there appears to be an increasing figure of people acute to gain from topographic points of decease as tourer attractive forces, such as a husbandman in Pennsylvania who offered a circuit of the clang site of the United Airlines Flight 93 one of the 9/11 aircraft ( Bly, 2003 ) . Marcel ( 2004 ) recognised that there is a immense scope and diverseness of dark touristry supply when she examined whether decease makes a vacation , and denoted that dark touristry is a portion of the touristry phenomenon and called it soiled small secret . In order to look into the phenomenon of consumer demand of dark tourer sites, it is necessary to analyze the subject both from the supply and demand position. As Seaton ( 1996 ) believes, dark touristry is basically a behavioural phenomenon, defined by tourer motivations as opposed to peculiar features of a site or attractive force . To build any model, both demand and supply demands to be taken into consideration. For Foley and Lennon, dark touristry is a temporally, fundamentally western phenomenon based upon non-purposeful visits due to serendipity, the path of circuit companies or the simply funny who happen to be in the locality ( 2000:23 ) . Therewith, in the two research worker s sentiment, dark touristry demand is created accidentally and is now portion of circuit companies plans, with the aim to do money by acquiring tourers to a dark country which is located near to the paths. In this instance, the research workers strongly declare that dark touristry is supply-driven. Due to the inquiry whether people coincidently come across dark tourer sites, as Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) believe, this subject has to be considered critically. It has to be mentioned that demand and supply are dynamic and ever altering. For illustration, London Dungeon has ever exposed horrifying and gory sculptures. These exhibits were the chief ground why people came to see this topographic point. If the direction would make up ones mind to take the electric chair, the demand would diminish quickly ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . It is still ill-defined whether thanatourism is still acquiring more and more popular because of the increasing sum and diverseness of attractive forces, or because of the turning involvement of people looking for the macabre and terrorization ( West, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , there exists a continuum of intent of supply of dark touristry sites or experiences. He believes that there are tourer attractive forces which have become dark tourer sites by accident and topographic points which are straight intended to do net income. Figure 2 shows the four shades of touristry, making from pale to black touristry. Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , the four sunglassess of dark touristry are devided into four classs. Tourists with a low involvement in in decease and who are sing sites which are unintended to be tourist attractive forces are pale tourers . Its oposite would summarize people with a high captivation with decease and sing dark tourer sites on intent. This sort of dark touristry is referred as the darkest touristry possible . Concerning supply and demand, tourers with captivation with decease but sing unintendet dark touristry sites are demanding gray touristry. Grey touristry supply would define sites which are deliberately established to work decease, pulling visitant with merely a minor involvement in decease. Battlefield touristry Battlefield touristry refers to the trial to sites associated with warfare. These include locations like battlegrounds, commemorations or military Gravess every bit good as museums and other constructions that commemorate wars, conflicts and associated events or atrociousnesss ( Seaton, 1999 ) . Topographic points like these have attracted tourers from all over the universe for more than thousand old ages. Alexander the Great was one of the first known battleground tourers, when he visited the Tomb of Achilles and ancient Troy during his invasion of Asia ( Wilcken, 1967 ) . Battlefield touristry increased significantly during the last century, which could be ascribed to the turning figure of military struggles since the early 1900s and more by and large, the go oning growing of touristry ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . Particularly the clip after the First World War represented a turning point in the history of battlefield touristry. Visits to battlefield sites like Waterloo, Napoleon Bonaparte s last conflict near Brussels in 1815, started to go more and more popular ( Lloyd, 1998 ) . The on-going hunt by the touristry industry for new attractive forces has created a really relevant touristry phenomenon around battlefield touristry ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The paradox of a site of conflict or war is that visitants are able to travel about freely on a one time insecure topographic point where many people have lost their lives. Sing the macabre and abhorrent ambiance which is radiated by topographic point of war, it is singular that some tourers are accepting a long journey in order to acquire impressed by a site of war, express gladfulness or even see unhappiness. Battlefield Tours For a battlefield circuit visitant, a battleground circuit has the intent of understanding what happened and why ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Therefore it can be concluded that tourers belonging to this signifier of trial are primary interested in history and the really inside informations of the conflict. Even images, closest surveies and primary beginnings can non depict the ambiance of a topographic point where battles have taken topographic point. For illustration, it is necessary to stand at the beach of Ford Island, Hawaii, to understand how the feeling must hold been when the Nipponese dramatic force, dwelling of 400 military planes, attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7 in 1941. With a small spot of imaginativeness, the visitant can see through the eyes of the soldier, although the site may hold changed over the old ages. To travel into more item and to calculate out why tourers visit battlegrounds, it is of import to separate between the types of trial. In order to categorize the study in Chapter , classs of trials have been pointed out and confronted in braces: Are the tourers sing battlegrounds as a portion of an organized circuit or are they single visitants? Do visitants hold a weak or a strong thanatoursim component in their motive? Did people come to battelfield sites voluntarily ( Leisure visitants ) or have they been invited as portion of a company outing or an advanced preparation class ( Business/Educational visitants ) ? Pilgrimage Battlefield pilgrims journeies can be defined as the traveling for recollection with the focal point on the religious and emotional experience of sing Gravess and commemorations ( Stone, 2009:194 ) . Beside veterans, immediate household members may besides see a battleground for recollection. For illustration, when decease was the ground why a twosome s matrimony ended, it can be really of import for the personal healing procedure of the widow to see the battleground where her hubby died or the grave where he is buried. In these instances once more, a weak thanatoursim component is perceptible beacause the dead are know and the involvement in decease is person-centred. But non merely immediate relations have a religious relationship to household members who died in war. Besides kids, whose gramps lost his life in a conflict, can demo their pride of holding a great warrior. Furthermore, going together in a group to a battleground can be major societal event, such as an day of remembrance. A pilgrims journey can besides promote conversations between coevalss which might non go on anyplace else. Types of Battlefield visitants Leisure visitants Harmonizing to a study commissioned by the Royal British Legion in 2006 ( based upon a sample of 1000 respondents across the United Kingdom ) leisure visitants are the bulk of modern tourers at battlegrounds ( Stone, 2009 ) . These visitants show a strong involvement in history, particularly military history. This popular involvement arose from a captivation with the soldier and the conflict, due to the fact that the proportion of the population who is functioning in the armed forces is decreasing ( Holmes, 2006 ) . Another ground for the increasing involvement in soldiers could be popular movies like Black Basterds by Quentin Tarantino, USA 2009. Depending if leisure visitants travel to battlefield sites on their ain or as portion of Tourss, they can either demo a high involvement ( or thanaourism component ) in decease and catastrophe or merely see them as side trips of the whole circuit being unconcerned with dark touristry. Educational Visits and Visits by the Military Visits to battlegrounds, if gettable, are undertaken by schools and other educational constitutions. An chance is given to immature people and pupils to understand the background and context of subjects learned at school or university. Educational visits to battlegrounds differ from general leisure visits in points of larning aims and the opportunity to supply support for certain parts of the national course of study ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Furthermore, instructors with personal involvements in military history are able to portion their enthusiasm and can arouse some ideas about morality in their pupil s heads, which is besides an of import portion of instruction. Members of the Armed Forces, who view the battleground as portion of the hereafter, besides belong to the class of educational visitants. The British Armed Forces use battlegrounds for tactical preparation and survey ( Ryan, 2007 ) , leading lessons and be aftering how modern military personnels would run on the same land. Non-military administrations in the United Kingdom, like Corporate Battlefields and Business Battlefields are besides utilizing battlegrounds for leading or direction development plans. Peoples take parting in such events are thought to larn from the lessons in history and construct effectual taking squads to increase concern public presentation. Often, members of such jaunt are forced to take part and can non afford to worsen in order to maintain their occupations. Therefore it can be concluded that, educational visits, are non voluntarily by the bulk. Veterans Even if this is merely a little portion of battlefield tour visitants, some veterans still have the desire to see one time more the topographic point where they have fought, to re-experience the topographic point, possibly for the last clip in their lives. Some of them make themselves available for Tourss to narrate their narratives to other visitants, who get the opportunity to acquire a better and really reliable presentation of the site. Others merely desire to understand what happened or the significance of their ain function when they fought a war ( Stone, 2009 ) . It can be assumed that, for these sort of visitants and harmonizing to Seatons ( 1996 ) Thanatoursim continuum, there is no specific involvement in decease and desaster observable. Tourist Motivation Tourist motive can be defined as the planetary integration web of biological and cultural forces which gives value and way to go picks, behaviour and experience ( Pearce, Morrison A ; Rutledge, 1998 ) Motivation has ever been an of import factor of leisure and touristry survey and a basic subject in touristry research ( Crompton, 1979 ; Veal, 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Wahab ( 1975 ) , it is cardinal that, for touristry surveies and development, the country of travel motive is taken into consideration. This means that touristry providers can profit from understanding what travellers want in order to foretell future travel forms and accommodate the offer. Furthermore, certain tourer types can be selected as mark sections for travel and tourer selling ( Smith, 1996 ) Harmonizing to Pearce ( 2007:50 ) , motive could besides be the drive force behind all actions . Peoples do things because they have a figure of motivations which can differ tremendously from each other. Some visitants t ravel to Paris for seeing the Eiffel Tower because of its tallness and the beautiful position over the metropolis, others go to the same metropolis for shopping and the good nutrient. The finish is the same, but different motivations brought persons at that place and different or even same activities could be based on different motivations. Seaton ( 1997 ) believes that motive is generated by an internal feeling, besides called an person s demand , which drives people to accomplish certain ends. When all ends have been reached, the demand reduces and the single returns to the initial point until new motivations, which are coming up shortly after the satisfaction of the last 1s, have to be met. Tourists can be easy classified in footings of demographics, types of travel, economic well being and many other factors, but it is hard to place why tourers do what they do ( Woodside and Martin, 2008 ) . In contrast to the intent of travel which can be, for illustration, classified in concern or leisure , the private demands and wants are really hard to mensurate, as they vary between persons. There is a broad scope of human wants and demands and besides troubles in mensurating them which poses jobs in doing theories about travel motive. To understand how people form their determinations, the determination doing procedure will be briefly touched and besides a better account of human demands, mentioning to Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, has to be provided. Decision Making Procedure Decision devising can be summarised as the procedure of extinguishing or cut downing uncertainty about any options to do an expedient pick from among them ( Solomon, 2006 ) . About all determinations involve a certain sum of hazards because there can neer, or seldom, be complete cognition about all options. Furthermore at that place has to be a grade of uncertainity ; otherwise, if non, people would ever take the right manner and would neer make any errors in their lives. In order to find an ideal determination, a perfect determination environment has to be the footing including all the information of all options. Restrictions like clip and attempt interfere in doing ideal determination. For illustration, cipher would pass 2 hours driving about in the metropolis waiting for the closest parking batch to the supermarket to acquire vacant. The decision-making procedure is influenced by internal and external variables. Attitudes, beliefs, purposes and motive belong to the psychological portion. Variables like clip, monetary value and pull factors are finishing the external or nonpsychological portion. These factors are predetermined, for illustration the good conditions in the Caribbean or the clip for traveling at that place because of limited vacations. The determination doing procedure involves five phases: Maslow s Hierarchy of demands Maslow is said to be one of the laminitiss of humanistic psychological science, a school of psychological science concerned with the human context for the development of psychological theory ( Hoffman, 1999 ) . In Motivation and Personality, foremost published in 1954, Maslow describes his hierarchy of demands and its relation to motive in general. In his sentiment, all human demands can be organised in a pyramid, dwelling of five phases: physiological demands on the underside and self-actualisation on the top. In between, safety demands, belongingness or credence and esteem demands have to be satisfied before making the highest degree. An single usually tries to fulfill the physiological demands fist, before higher-leveled demands are emerging. Harmonizing to Maslow, all human existences follow this order, with little fluctuations. Sometimes higher degrees of demands can rule, although some basic demands have non been satisfied to the full ( Maslow, 1970 ) . Figure shows Maslow s 5 phases of demands in a pyramid. Adapted from Chaman, 2001-4 Based on this information, the theory has to be applied on tourer motive. Pearce ( 1993 ) , for illustration, has analysed 400 travel experiences of travellers in Europe, Canada, Australia and the USA. One positive and one negative experience had to be written down by the 200 respondents. In conformity to the pyramid of demands, the information was analysed and coded into five classs. For positive experiences, the undermentioned consequence for each demand satisfied could me indicated: To summarize these findings, Pearce ( 1993 ) states that travel motives show features of an approach-avoidance paradigm ( Woodside, 2008 ) . This means that, for travellers, positive experiences contribute to the higher-leveled phases, while negative experiences instead contribute to the medium leveled phases. Further, Pearce ( 1993 ) believes that vacation finishs attract people because tourers see a opportunity in carry throughing personal growing and love demands. Push and Pull Factors Harmonizing to Dann ( 1981 ) , tourers are motivated by a push or draw to a finish in order to fulfill demands. He defines push and pull factors in touristry as forces which drive people to travel off from a topographic point ( push ) and factors which draw them to new locations ( pull ) . For illustration, person leaves his/her metropolis of birth because of an increasing offense rate and low quality of life ( push ) and moves to another metropolis with a good substructure and where his/her household lives ( pull ) . Crompton ( 1979 ) states that the travel industry focuses more on pull factors and that there is a deficiency for push factors. Pull factors can be, in contrast to force factors, much better influenced because they are seldom internal. Therefore, travel bureaus and circuit operators pull tourers to certain sites with the aid of making demands. If person wants to get away from mundane life and finds a image of the Caribbean, the touristry provider pulls possible visitant s off from their current locations. Crompton ( 1979 ) besides mentioned socio-psychological motivations which can be the drive forces to do vacations but the effectual pick of finish was the drawing power of the finish itself. He believes that socio-psychological motivations can direct tourers towards a peculiar finish but, in the bottom line is that pull factors are predominating in the determination devising procedure. In contrast, Uzzell ( 1984 ) believes that tourers are instead motivated to see finishs which match their psychological demands than traveling to topographic points because of the particular qualities which are offered at that place. He does non believe that both push and pull factors are motivation fatctors. In his sentiment, pull factors are instead accounts for common touristic activities so relevant incentives. He adds that pull factors should even be eliminated from the survey of toursim motive. Crompton ( 1979 ) states that, in world, persons experience at the same time mixtures of both push and pull factors and those factors do non needfully stand entirely. As mentioned before, there can be several push factors actuating an person but besides more than one pull factor offered by a site. For illustration, person might be pushed to see Pearl Harbour because his/her gramps has died there during World War II. Apart from that, a travel bureau is offering a two-week holidays bundle in Hawaii particularly prepared for singles, drawing people to the island. Consequently, idividuals might see both push and pull facors. Push and Pull factors should non be treated as moving independently from each other, even though they might match to single phases in travel determination devising ( Crompton, 1979 ) . Persons travel because they are pulled by finishs and attractive forces and at the same clip pushed by their ain internal forces. Expectancy theory In contrast to the theory of Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, the anticipation theory, which was invented by Victor Vroom in 1964, focuses instead on results than on demands. In order to be motivated, Vroom linked attempt, public presentation and results to motive. There are three variables which are mentioned: Anticipation, Valence and Instrumentality. Increased public presentation is the consequence of increased attempt, which is the basic belief of anticipation ( Green, 1992 ) . An illustration of anticipation would be the belief that something will acquire better if person works harder for it. The 2nd variable, instrumentality, is the belief that person performs good, a valued result will be received ( Green, 1992 ) . In illustration, if person does a good occupation, it will be valued and he/she possibly gets a wage rise. Valence is defined as the importance that the single topographic points upon the expected result ( Green, 1992 ) . This would intend that if an employee is chief ly motivated by money, he/she would non value other offers like a new office or extra clip off. Having understood these variables, the basic thought behind the theory is that persons adapt their degree of attempt depending on the possible result. In Vroom s sentiment, if person believes that if he/she is working harder but the wagess and public presentations will non be increased and moreover offered wagess are non valued, the person will non be motivated. It is of import to advert that all three variables have to be fulfilled in order to accomplish motive. The theory can be applied to any state of affairs where person expects a certain result to go on. In relation to dark touristry and the trial of battlegrounds, tourers expect certain, in most instances intangible, outcomes. Sing the illustration of pilgrims journey and religious experience, people believe that the trial of Gravess or topographic points where relations or friends have died can ensue in better understanding the past events and an increased personal healing procedure. Motivational Strength It depends on motivational strength whether person prefers making one end opposed to another. Despite the diverseness of surveies and theories, most of them are sharing a basic thought: persons have a certain sum of energy which must be directed towards ends ( Pearce, 1993 ) . From a psychological position, making a end can be equalised with being motivated. If a demand arouses, which is turning by and by, the person wants to fulfill it every bit shortly as possible. For illustration, if person is hungry, he/she wants to halt this unpleasant feeling by eating nutrient. Equally shortly as the demand is satisfied, the balanced province returns which is called homeostasis ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006 ) . Human behavior is driven by a basic mechanism to cut down unpleasant tensenesss, which is termed thrust theory. In footings of selling, the unpleasant province reffers to the demand of goods and services which are desired. Though, to be more precise, the grade of motive is non ever the same. For illustration, the motive to purchase a new one is really high because the old 1 has been used for many old ages. If the individual who desires a new Television would hold bought one a few months ago, the motive to travel once more to the shop and pass money would be much lower. The research on motive in order to understand what really drives behaviour focal points more on cognitive factors instead than on biological 1s. For this research, the thrust theory is non important and will non be applied. Though, another theory about motive is taken into consideration. The Expectancy theory suggests that people prefer one merchandise or service over another because they believe that this pick has more positive effects for them ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006:93 ) . For this survey it is of import to happen out which positive effects could be of import to visitants to battlegrounds and to dark touristry sites in general. Incentives Motivation: History Harmonizing to Smith ( 1996 ) , sites of war attract fundamentally people with a strong involvement in history and military strategians. These persons are acute to analyze the events of the past while walking around the country. This would intend that a battlefield visitant does non needfully hold to be attracted by the presence of decease ; involvement in history can besides be the ground why people visit battlegrounds. The same consequences were found by Crompton ( 1979 ) and Anderton ( 1995 ) , who stated that cultural and historical involvement can be a strong incentive for pleasance travel. Further, Crompton ( 1979 ) drew the decision, from questioning 42 grownup people, that instruction and freshness are of import travel incentives. In contrast to this, Beech ( 2000 ) , who, amongst other subjects, investigated the visitors? motive to concentration cantonments, does non wholeheartedly believe that visitants with no connexion to the cantonment are motivated by lone involvement in larning or history. The same theory can be applied to battlefield touristry. There is, from a historical position, a demand in battlefield touristry, National Geographic released in 1992 a usher for conflict sites including their histories called the Guide to Civil War National Battlefield Parks in the USA, including exposure and maps demoing troop motions. Today there are immense sums of books covering with battleground Tourss and similar subjects on about all sites of war in the universe. Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) see that the literature frequently obliterates and ignores the negative facets of history, sometimes mistakenly and, more frequently, on intent. The two research workers want to declare that it is evidently non plenty to show the historical and cultural landscape to the visitants, without turn toing the issue of morality and offense which are linked with the topographic points. Ignoring and stamp downing the position on history every bit good as altering nature of history are the consequence of the altering society, which can be linked to altering readings. To summarize the subject of historical motives, it can be said that involvement in history can be a incentive which drives worlds to see sites of decease and catastrophe. Not without ground there are plenty beginnings where tourers can fulfill at that place wonder about battlegrounds. Due to the fact that there is really small research on tourer motive to battlefield tourer sites, it can be concluded, based on the sentiments of other research workers ( Crompton, 1979 ; Anderton, 1995 ; Beech, 2000 ) , that the motivation to larn more about human history is verifiably a driver, but non the individual and lone ground why people are sing battlegrounds. Education In order to understand why wars and conflicts have occurred and what the effects were, dark touristry sites can be helpful in organizing sentiments. Some persons need to cognize why their friends or relations needed to decease. Educational travel was foremost introduced during the beginning of the industrialization in the seventeenth century, when sweetening of instruction and substructure, amongst others, increased ( Burkart and Medlik 1981 ) . In 1892, the first dark touristry exhibitions with an educational constituent were promoted in New York, USA. Volcanic eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, fictions of hurricanes and the destruction of Martinique were on the day-to-day docket of the events on Coney Island ( Rojek 1993 ) . In the present, dark tourers sites are acute on advancing themselves with the aid of implementing educational facets. Tourists besides see a opportunity in self-learning through educational travels. There are assorted institutes offering educational Tourss to American civil war sites every bit good as information Sessionss, for illustration the Smithsonian Associates, the Department of Education in Washington D.C, which offered a circuit following the flight path of President Abraham Lincoln s liquidator. One of the nucleus purposes of such events is to do people learn from past errors, what and how events in the yesteryear could hold been prevented. At Pearl Harbor, USA, people believe that instruction could assist in supplying a more unafraid tomorrow. Peoples who visited the topographic point are thought to hold understood why the onslaught happened and should hold realised that such a calamity must neer go on once more ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The trouble with the subject instruction in relation to dark tourer sites is the thin line between instruction and amusement. Walsh ( 1992 ) believes that the educational mission lies really close to amusement. As mentioned in Chapter , the London Dungeon offers horrifying Tours, where people can see how anguish has been used in the yesteryear in a really realistic mode. This may non be a really critical or serious attack to history, but it shows the world and decidedly remains in visitors? heads. Of class this is besides an attack to derive the attending of possible visitants, to do history, which might frequently look tiring particularly to childs and younger people more interesting and synergistic. Harmonizing to Lennon and Foley ( 2000 ) , the function of media is besides lending to the belittlement of serious events. Persons with less cognition of modern-day history could misconstrue imitations or films of people playing a function in really serious calamities and catastrophe. Remembrance Foley and Lennon ( 1993 ) define recollection as a critical human activity that connects people to their yesteryear and hereafter. Harmonizing to that they continue to declare that the mode how worlds remember define us in the present. The two research workers besides province that a big portion of dark tourer attractive forces are warehouses for memories . Sites related to decease attract people who want to mark either the event or their relations and friends who have died. In the Christian faith, there is one twenty-four hours a twelvemonth which is dedicated to all saints, called the All Saints? Day. In common pattern, many Christians visit the graveyards and the Gravess where loved people are buried. But non merely memories of asleep people stay in heads. Remembrance is besides needed to recognize what cardinal incidents formed the individualities of persons, sometimes even the individualities of whole civilizations. This is why some dark tourer sites are really rigorous in sho wing their memorials sing the repect of visitants. At Pearl Harbor, a short movie is shown to tourers before they are allowed to come in the memorial country. Furthermore, visitants have to be dressed in an appropriate manner. This attention shows an obvious difference between normal tourer attractive forces and dark touristry commemorations. For case, cipher attentions if person wears trunkss and a chapeau when sing the Great Wall of China, which is besides a war-related symbol. This difference in presentation might be due to the fact that some symbols of war or war sites are, because of the clip which has already passed since so, are out of day of the month . The Great Wall of China is more than 2000 old ages old, while the onslaught on Pearl Harbour happened 61 old ages ago. Furthermore, most of import, victims of the conflict of Pearl Harbor are still alive. Identity Identity can besides be a impulsive force to see dark tourer sites. Peoples, even if they do non hold a direct connexion to the dark touristry event itself, come to a topographic point of decease to derive a sense of individuality. As mentioned in Chapter , tourers are sing sites where famous persons have met with sudden decease, placing themselves as portion of the dead character ( Rojek, 1993 ) . Ashworth ( 2004 ) believes that the hunt for self-understanding and self-identity was the birth of the touristry industry. He argues that people who are sing sites of decease and catastrophe do non needfully hold thanatouristic motives. In the research worker s sentiment, personal motivations arise from personal or household history and the desire to pay regard to those whom the visitant feels a connexion. Ashworth ( 2004 ) references that people from Australia and New Zealand are saying that it would be a motive for them to see Gallipoli in order to detect who they are and what happened to their in sires in history. In this instance, mentioning to Seaton ( 1996 ) , the thanatouristic component is weak, because there is no grounds that visitants are looking for the macabre and terrorization. Curiosity Harmonizing to Ashworth ( 2004 ) , tourers can besides be attracted to sites of decease and atrociousness because of wonder. Some research workers besides indicate that people visit dark tourer sites in order to see ghastly exhibits ( Cooper, 2006 ; Yuill, 2003 ) . Yuill ( 2003 ) states that those visitants who come the the site because of couriosity seldom have/had any friends or household members who fought in wars or served in the battleground presented. In Uzzells ( 1989 ) sentiment, people show an insatiate demand in atrociousness. Persons sometimes have a unusual wont to be motivated and attracted by psychological stimulations of negative moral worth. This would intend that they have a strong involvement in calamities and catastrophes and would be classified in Seatons ( 1996 ) strong thanatouristic component graduated table. Rojek believes that wonder about dark touristry events and sites is widely spread. Location Several writers ( Hanink A ; Stutts, 2002 ; Yuill, 2003 ) reference that the location of a dark tourer site or a battleground is important for its figure of visitants. Battlefields which are in propinquity of other sights or shut to topographic points with a big population might pull a big figure of visitants. Strong involvement in decease and catastrophe might non chiefly be the motivations to see dark tourer sites which are close to someones hometown. A trip on the weekend with the household in order to go on 1s instruction can besides be grounds to lend to, in this instance, weak thanatourism. Methodology Introduction In Chapter , the research worker outlined a theoretical background for this survey. In order to finish the emipiracl research successfully, it is indispensable to supply an appropriate methodological analysis. It is necessary to choose an overall paradigm for every research. There are two paradigms which are frequently discussed in the literature: qualitative and quantitative ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The research worker defines qualitative research as research technique which uses multiple methods which are synergistic and humanistic. The research inquiries might alter and be refined during the interview with the participant. Furthermore, the reseracher makes an reading of the collected information ; he filters the informations through a personal lens ( Creswell, 2003:182 ) . Alternatively, the quantitative paradigm is based on proving a theoretical theorem. Quantifiable variables, usining statistical processs are analysed. This research method is used to find the generalisability of a theory. The research worker chiefly uses postpositivist claims for developing cognition ( Creswell, 2003:18 ) . In other words, findings are identified as positive if a research testifies consequences of footings which have been defined in progress. The research worker is able to cut down to specific variables and inquiries. The purpose of a quantitative research is to roll up informations on preset instruments that yield statistical informations. It depends on the research worker s nature and aims which paradigm will be selected. As touched in chapter , the research on market cleavage and consumer determination devising is largely based on quantitative and statistical analysis. As this research tries to find the importance of the function of battleground sites in tourers decion to see those sites, a wide scope of information and a batch of repsonses are needed. Therefore, the quantitative research method will be used. This chapter describes the choice of the survey site every bit good as the considerations for an effectual method of roll uping dependable informations, including a presentation of the the restrictions of the methodological analysis. The study design, which provides a numeral description of attitudes and sentiments of visitants of the HGM, will be presented. Choice of the survey site One of the first major determinations to be made is the pick of the survey site. This research is look intoing in motives of tourers sing battlefiled tourer sites. Therefore, it would be most appropriate to take a battleground as survey site. Due to the fact that all large conflicts in the present country of Austria have taken topographic point in and before the nineteenth century, there are no battlegrounds which are interesting for the public anymore. Though, there are museums covering with the subject of war and war history. The Heeresgeschichtliche Museum ( HGM ) in Vienna shows exhibits of the Austrian military history from the sixteenth century to 1945. It is located in the Arsenal, a historical composite of edifices from the monarchy, which was physique between 1850 and 1856 under the behest of Emperor Frant Joseph I by Ludwig Foerster and Theophil Hansen. The HGM claims to be the oldest and largest purpose-made military history museum in the universe. It exhibits chiefly arms, rigs, uniforms and exposure of the clip from the monarchy of the Habsburg household to the terminal of World War II. There are 11 lasting exhibitions offered to visitants: The Thirty Years War, Wars against the Turks, Prince Eugene of Savoy, Maria Theresa ( The eighteenth century ) , Room of the Gallic Wars, Radetzky Room, Room of Francis Joseph, Sarajewo Room, World War I, Republic and Dictatorship, Austria 1918 until 1945 and Naval Power Austria. One of the most noteworthy parts of the Museum?s aggregation is the couch wher e the Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfu A ; szlig ; died in 1934 after beeing shooting by a National Socialist and the car in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was asassinated in Sarajewo in 1914. The handiness and suitableness as dark tourer site, every bit good as the assortment of exhibitions offered were important in taking the HGM as survey site. In order to capture the largest possible figure of respondents, the research worker decided non to separate between the exhibitions. Due to the fact that all of the showroom?s subjects are related to battlefield instead dark touristry, the same questionnaire will be used for all of them. In add-on to profit of holding more visitants to spread out the sample size, taking the HGM as a survey site has the follwing advantages: due to many resting topographic points in the museum, tourers can take part in the study without beeing disturbed while detecting the exhibitions. Furthermore, the research worker expects that the site attracts tourers with legion motives, such as those with an involvement in war, involvement in larning about the Austria history and holding an penetration in life during the monarchy and the wars. The questionnaire It was decided that a questionnaire study will be used, which is one of the most common methods to garner information from respondents. Creswell ( 2003 ) defines a study as a bundle of standadised information from a specific subject normally by agencies of questionnaire or interview. He lists several advantages of a questionnaire, amongst others, the ability to roll up informations merely and the easiness of administrating, coding and analyzing a study. In ground of that, a self-administered questionnaire with the purpose of acquiring information about tourers motives to battlefield tourer sites was developed. Socio-demographic and travel-related inquiries are besides portion of the study. The concluding questionnaire consists of 20 ( 16 inquiries severally for Vienese occupants ) closed-ended inquiries which were asked in relation to possible motives to the HGM and battlefield touristry to set up if their motives reflect the literature. 3 demographic inquiries were asked in order to set up a profile of visitants to the site. 9 inquiries were designed on a dichotomous response graduated table, which means that the respondent has two options to take. The others have 5-point-Likert graduated table response options ; the respondent is presented with a uninterrupted graduated table runing from 1 ( minimal mark ) to 5 ( maximal mark ) . These inquiries are used to mensurate tourer s degree of cognition about the HGM, the importance of t he HGM in visitants determination to come to Vienna, the grounds for sing the HGM and the involvement in battlefield touristry in general. The concluding questionnaire is laid out in four pages and arranged in four subdivisions. Question 1a to 5a seeks to understand the tourists? travel forms to Vienna and is designed for non-residents of Vienna. Section B ( inquiries 1b to 7b ) purposes to profile the visitors? trip to the HGM including travel forms, motives and determination devising. The 3rd portion, inquiry 1c to 5c, seeks to place the involvement in battlegrounds in general. Finally, subdivision D, contains 3 inquiries bespeaking the respondent profile. Research design In order to reply the research inquiries, the push/pull theoretical account will be tested. The research worker will analyze the findings and use them to the push/pull theory. It will be identified which push and pull factors are relevant in visitors? motive to sites related to wars and conflicts. Furthermore, the research worker assumes that there are certain factors impacting visitant s motive. Premises about factors act uponing visitors? motive were developed and proved subsequently in chapter . : people are instead motivated to see the HGM if ( 1 ) they have no cognition about the museum, ( 2 ) the distance to the museum is near, ( 3 ) the person reached a certain age which enables him/her to understand fortunes of the past and reflect them on his/her young person and eventually ( 4 ) the person has a relation to Austria and its history. These premises were the footing for following hypotheses: H1: Most respondents have neer been to the HGM before. H2: The better portion of the respondents lives in Vienna or in its environing country. H4: The better portion of the respondents will be older than 50. H3: Most respondents have a relation the HGM ( close relatives/friends who experienced war )

Ancient Flutes, Evidence of Prehistoric Music Making

Ancient Flutes, Evidence of Prehistoric Music Making Ancient flutes made of animal bone or carved from mammoth (extinct elephant) ivory are among the earliest examples of the use of ancient music- and one of the key recognized measures of behavioral modernity for modern human beings. The earliest forms of ancient flutes were made to be played like a modern recorder, that is held vertically. They were most often constructed from the hollow bones of animals, particularly bird wing bones. Bird bones are extremely well-suited for making flutes, as they are already hollow, thin and strong, so that they may be perforated without too much danger of fracturing. Later forms, carved from mammoth ivory, involve a greater grasp of the technology, including carving out the tubular form into two pieces and then fitting the pieces together with some adhesive, perhaps bitumen. Oldest Possible Ancient Flute The oldest possible bone flute discovered to date comes from a Middle Paleolithic site in Slovenia, the Divje Babe I site, a Neanderthal occupation site with Mousterian artifacts. The flute came from a stratigraphic level dated to 43,000 /- 700 RCYBP, and it was made on a juvenile cave bear femur. The Divje Babe I flute, if thats what it is, has two roughly circular holes punctured into it, and three more damaged potential holes. The layer has other gnawed cave bear bones, and some detailed scholarly research into the bones taphonomy- that is to say, the wear and markings on the bone- lead some scholars to conclude that this flute likely resulted from carnivore gnawing. Hohle Fels Flutes The Swabian Jura is an area in Germany where ivory figurines and debris from their production have been identified in numbers from the Upper Paleolithic levels. Three sites- Hohle Fels, Vogelherd, and Geißenklà ¶sterle- have produced flute fragments, all dated between about 30,000-40,000 years ago. In 2008, one nearly complete flute and two other flute fragments were discovered at the Hohle Fels Upper Paleolithic site, located in the Swabian Jura. The longest of these was made on the wing bone of a griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). Discovered in 12 pieces and reassembled, the bone measures 21.8 centimeters (8.6 inches) long and about 8 millimeters (~1/3 of an inch) in diameter. The Hohle Fels flute has five finger holes and the blowing end has been deeply notched. Two other fragmented flutes found at Hohle Fels are made of ivory. The longest fragment is 11.7 mm (.46 in) in length, and oval (4.2x1.7 mm, or .17x.07 in) in cross-section; the other is 21.1 mm (.83 in) and also oval (7.6 mm x 2.5 mm, or .3x.1 in) in cross-section. Other Flutes Two other sites from the Swabian Jura in Germany have produced ancient flutes. Two flutes- one bird bone and one made up of ivory fragments- have been recovered from the Aurignacian levels of the Vogelherd site. The Geißenklà ¶sterle site excavations have recovered three more flutes, one from a swans wing bone, one from a possible swan wing bone, and one from mammoth ivory. A total of 22 bone flutes have been identified at the Isturitz site in the French Pyrenees, most from later Upper Paleolithic proveniences, circa 20,000 years bp. The Jiahu site, a Neolithic Peiligang culture site in China dating between ca. 7000 and 6000 BC, contained several bone flutes. Sources Taphonomy of a suggested MChase PG, and Nowell A. 1998. Paleolithic bone flute from Slovenia.iddle Current Anthropology 39(4):549-553.Conard NJ, Malina M, and Munzel SC. 2009. New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460(7256):737-740.Fitch WT. 2006. The biology and evolution of music: A comparative perspective. Cognition 100(1):173-215.Higham T, Basell L, Jacobi R, Wood R, Ramsey CB, and Conard NJ. 2012. Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geissenklosterle. Journal of Human Evolution(0).King S, and Snchez Santiago G. 2011. Soundscapes of the Everyday in Ancient Oaxaca, Mexico. Archaeologies 7(2):387-422.Morley I. 2006. Mousterian musicianship? the case of the Divje Babe I Bone. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25(4): 317-333.Pettitt PB. 2008. Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an ear ly Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art. Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):908-917. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051.

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature - Essay Example They should know the connotation of each character, and everything credited with them before dismissal. Many female Hebrew characters have inspired countless lives. They knew how to use possession to their advantage, their beauty intelligence and charisma. Female Jewish characters are many but not all of them can be mentioned. Hebrew female characters and their significance in literature Nava the wife of Benny in the sixth day suffered in silence. Her husband was ever busy; he did not spend time with her. He had the habit of hauling home his office work. Nava went through all the soreness and distress she felt inside, without complaining or cursing. Nava as a Hebrew woman from the work of literature the sixth day represents all women who give out their full time in relationships only to get back half of what they invested in the relationship. When Nava was fed up of being the considerate and accommodating wife, she decided to start by cancelling their regular lunch date. In the artic le, when she gives Adel, Benny’s works associate a note to give to him and in the note, Nava told Benny not to worry about her. It is not fair therefore, to classify all female Hebrew characters as boring and absent. In this case, the character is persevering and patient, this does not make her boring and absent. ... This woman was in no way absent, suffocating or boring. She was a hardworking woman. She is an example to all mothers, for mothers to provide for their children unconditionally. The state of the child does not matter. It should not be a reason to treat a child with so many disregards. In Orly Castel-Bloo, the narrator talks about a woman claiming to be her mother. It is not clear what gave the woman the audacity to say this to the narrator. From the narration, it is clear that Hebrew female characters were survivors. The woman in question who claimed to be the narrators mother, spent most of her time under a bench-smoking cigarette, and it is not known where she stayed. The woman could be homeless, or giving it a second thought, she could have been the mother of the narrator. The woman must have given the narrator up for adoption, because she could not provide for her. As helpless or scary the woman may occur to be, it is quite evident that she did what she thought was best for her d aughter. Hebrew women are therefore not absent and suffocating, the characters think. Only a thinking person is intellectual enough to know what is best for her daughter. Dinah a female character in the last article was childless for a long time. She did not lose hope that someday she would have her own child. She looked at mothers who had children with envy, but she treated the children well and even offered them cheese and onions. Dinah finally gave birth to a baby boy, after a long wait. Dinah is like any other woman who waits to be blessed by a child and does not lose hope. In this work of literature, Dinah has the heart of endurance. She does not represent

Gender Discrimination in the Job Market in South Korea Term Paper

Gender Discrimination in the Job Market in South Korea - Term Paper Example Women in all countries around the world report that they are paid lower salaries than their male counterparts are. According to the International Labor Organization ILO report, women earn about 20-30 percent less than what their male counterparts earn globally (Monk-Turner and Turner, 2003). Surprisingly, a survey conducted by ILO found that South Korean women as being the worst discriminated in the labor market. The ILO researchers found that Korean men have continued to enjoy a higher economic return than their female counterparts do. For instance, a survey conducted in 1988 by the ILO found that whereas Korean men earned an average salary of 2101 won, their female counterparts only earned an average wage of 1009 won. This indicates a huge wage gap compared to the average wage gap recorded I n other countries around the world. This wage gap implied that for every 48 won that a Koreans woman earned, their male counterparts earned 100 won. This translates to 48 percent wage gap. The ILO report also indicted that, early on in 1980, for every dollar that a Korean man earned, women early only 45 cents (Monk-Turner and Turner, 1994). This was the worst ever wage gap recorded in this time in the entire world. Despite the affirmative action and labor policies that have been enacted in South Korea, the labor wage gap between South Korean men and women and women have remained relatively higher that the global average. Factors Responsible For Gender Wage Gap in South Korean Labor Market Many people fail to understand why the gender wage gap has persisted in the Korean labor market despite the increased affirmative action going on in the country. However, a number of theories exist that may help in understanding the persistence of gender wage gap in the South Korean... Currently, Korea boasts to being the home of some of the leading electronic companies in the world. Some of the leading South Korean companies include Samsung and LG. Despite the achievements that the country has made in the past few years, gender discrimination remains one of the biggest challenges facing its labor market. Monk-Turner and Turner (2003) indicated that most companies in the country discriminate against the female gender. South Korean women face different kinds of discrimination in the labor market. This includes unemployment, low salary, promotion problems, and lack of consideration for managerial position. Gender discrimination in employment remains one of the major challenges that most women face in the present day society. Even though most countries have made significant achievement in empowering women to participate in the country’s development by attaining better education and getting good jobs, women are still discriminated against in employment in many countries the world over. This is particularly so in South Korea where most employers still see women as being inferior to their male counterparts. However, it is high time South Korean employers start according women equal treatment by giving them an equal opportunity as their male counterparts. This is because women too are productive just as men. In addition, the South Korean government needs to promote the involvement of women in employment without bias. The involvement of women in employment will certainly help boost the South Korean economy.

Invading Privacy of Celebrities Essay Example for Free

Invading Privacy of Celebrities Essay Most actors/actresses feels that press are invading their private lives and their not happy about it. . Perhaps, the main reason is because celebrities are considered as public figure. Being seen in the television and newspapers frequently they should set as good example to other people. The press should have limitations on what theyre showing to the people. If they discover that one actress is pregnant its the right of the person whether to deny or tell the truth. Then, you respect the actress and they will not be offended. Following that, reporters job is to reveal an expose pertaining to a famous personality. When they discover a scoop regarding a certain celebrity they should clarify it to the person involve instead of making up stories to make it more interesting for public to hear. In that way theyre being fair enough to the celebrity and at the same way to the people who will watch or read their stories. . In addition, almost all known person in the industry they dont want their families to be involved in their issues. Press and media should tackle only on the artist not on their families. Because they are hurt with the fact that they are the celebrity and yet even their loved ones will be affected and suffers when critics eyes are on them. In that way they will not feel that their lives are intruded by press people. . To sum up, there are range of options available so that celebrities will not say that media are not respecting their privacy. Its just a matter of understanding one another to achieve what they want.

CORPORATE TRAINING :: essays research papers

Corporate Training Today, managers need well-trained employees and are finding they do not exist. Corporations are providing additional training for their employees. One such training program that is being added to corporate learning environments is an awareness of emotional intelligence. Business managers are learning that successful managers need high Emotional Quotient (EQ) or Emotional Intelligence (EI) to work effectively. Emotional intelligence is the ability to accurately perceive emotions in self and others, to identify different emotional responses, and to use emotional information to make intelligent decisions (Goleman, 2000). A leading expert on EQ finds, â€Å"people good at managing relationships tend also to be self-aware, self-regulating, and empathetic† (Goleman, 2000, p. 33). Emotional intelligence is especially important â€Å"at the highest levels of the company, where differences in technical skills are of little importance. In other words, the higher the rank of the person, the more emotional intelligence capabilities are needed for decision making effectiveness† (Goleman, 1986, p. 94). Emotional intelligence is crucial to a successful business career and for effective group performance (Goleman, 1986). The core competencies required for emotional intelligence are â€Å"the perception of emotions in one’s self and others, the understanding of these emotions, and the management of emotions† (Feldman, 2001, p. 4). Success in the modern workplace requires teamwork and collaboration. Emotional Intelligence training is essential because most modern companies rely on teams of employees working together, rather than on the action of individual managers working in isolation (Ganzel, 2001). b Several accredited universities are delivering EQ training in hopes of preparing their students for the workplace. Grossman (2000) states: A current trend in education is to teach students about how their emotional intelligence can have a positive or negative effect on their career. Many universities are now offering courses in interpersonal relationships and emotional intelligence in an attempt to prepare students to be leaders. Leaders cannot lead in isolation, and an educational delivery system that features team building and collaboration is growing by the numbers. (p. 48) Emotional intelligence skills are a crucial component for a successful career in business.

Arab community and Mosque

Terrorism, especially Islamic terrorism lately has been regarded as the most outrageous menace of the civilized and modern. In one hand the Islamic fundamentalist groups or organizations like Al-Qaeda are operating at merciless precision against the whole of western civilization, specifically the United States. The focal point of this paper is to act according to the given situation as a Counterterrorism Official with a significant Arab population in a city. The population includes both Arab American citizens and immigrants.Every action taken in the context of security must be evaluated in terms of not only effective measures of eradication of terrorism but also should deal with the aspects of ethical considerations. An effective measure in countering terrorism could have been to move substantial attack and infiltrate the Arab community and Mosque but that would be too irrational and many innocent civilians would be harmed. Alongside it would appear as if this is a new version of Naz i regime. The better mode would be to implant informants among the Arab community.This would be a much better mode of operation as it is ethical to use personal monitoring system rather than use force indiscriminately. Furthermore, the security officials are bounded by ethical considerations other than the need to prevent needless deaths through terrorism and that should be valued. By ethical consideration it is important to understand the need of self respect and human rights and one should always maintain the boundary between civil rights and autocracy.It should be noted that several measures could be taken maintaining the ethical context. First of all, there is the problem of forged documents and counterfeit currency. To negotiate these and to control probable and further infiltrations the authorities must make it absolutely necessary to double check each and every document under double scrutiny that are put forward by any individual of religion other than Christianity. This may appear a bit of racist statement but under the perception of national security this measure should be taken into account.The primary reason of eliminating Christians from this scrutiny is the information that hardly any person of this belief has ever been found involved with fundamentalist Islamic activities. Secondly, eliminating the Christians would ensure a faster mean of scrutiny as, and logically enough, the majority of the demography of United States and United Kingdoms are Christians. By why not eliminate Hindus, Shiks and Buddhists from this schedule?This is because it would be very difficult for security personnel to identify Hindus, Shiks and Buddhist apart from that of an Islamic militant and it is not possible to teach each and every security personnel the basic differences of religion. Next in the line is the problem of Apartments and hiding places. To counter this issuing a social security number of any other identification documents would not serve the purpose alone. To counter these Islamic militants the authorities should ensure that whoever is renting out an apartment or a property or selling the same to a non Christian individual should inform the authorities at once.The authorities should make it a mandatory issue. Furthermore, the authorities should set up enough whispering campaigns to ensure each individual is aware of this menace of Islamic terrorism and should always keep an eye or two on such suspecting parties. Reports should be forwarded immediately if there are indications of such activities. For this purpose the authorities must ensure to maintain a counter terrorism cell in each station. Another very vital tool of operations of the Islamic fundamentalist elements is the high tech means of communication.Though we often say that the internet has opened our eyes to the world and has unlocked our minds for the greater good, it is with this medium, along with telecommunication and short wave transmitter and other communicative means t he Islamic fundamentalists have closed their minds and hearts and zeroed in to destroy anything and everything that are beautiful, sober and just. To present a counterterrorist plan against this misuse of communication system the authorities must make sure that no bit of information is passed unnoticed or without proper scrutiny.For this, if it requires the best code decoders available so be it. If it requires the best possible software system so be it too. After all this is the matter of national security. (Kar, 2006) Information is one of the most important of all features of the terrorist groups. Infiltrators are basically implanted into the geography of a state mainly to gather information about the related state so that it would be possible for these people to gather enough information whereby it would be possible for the terrorist groups to utilize the information to gain access into the strategic location and perform terrorist activities.To negotiate and nullify these activit ies the authorities must ensure to put up wings involved in counter espionage. A wing of domestic counter espionage system is very hard to digest but overlooking this manifestation of the Islamic terrorist group would be resulting into adversity. So it is much needed that the authorities appoint units to monitor and report all possible act of terrorist espionage. Alongside, strategic points of the country should be well protected and supervised on a regular basis.Departments of concerns related to the country’s defense mechanisms should be well protected as well because there are the prime targets of the Islamic terrorist groups. Every other point of strategic points should be kept under thorough watch like stock exchange and other financial institutions for possible scams. This is because it has been found that the end in source of many financial scams result in the hand of different terrorist groups. These groups are always in need of financial assistance and scams are a go od source of acquiring a substantial amount of finance.(Lamb, 2004) All these measures are ethical and effective as far as security is concerned. Thus it can be stated that f used properly it would possible to eradicate the menace of terrorism staying with in the parameters of ethical considerations. References: Kar, P; (2006); Principals of Homeland Security and Related Applications; Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust

Appshop Case Analysis

Cover Letter The Appshop Inc case is based on the evaluation of the various alternatives available for the company while charging its client for execution of a project. Mr. Clark, Director, Central Region Appshop Inc had to make a decision on either accepting any one of the prices suggested by the client or participate in the bidding process. The case involves using Monte Carlo Simulation and Triangle Distribution to figure out the best possible option for Appshop Inc. Executive Summary Appshop Inc was a privately held, independent full-service Oracle consulting, applications and outsourcing company with revenues of $ 25 million. Mr. Eric Clark, Director, Central Region Appshop Inc was responsible for growing the company’s client base, selling additional services and supporting the existing client base. Mr. Clark had recently concluded a successful implementation of Oracle financial for one of its clients Dallas office. The client pleased with Appshop’s performance had requested Mr. Clark to implement the similar application across the company’s (client) offices across the globe and come out with a project cost for this implementation. Mr. Clark with his team of consultants outlined the scope, plan and the timeline for implementation of the project for the client. Appshop would have to put in 1000 hours of work per month for the next 24 months, which would cost Appshop $ 140 per hour. Based on these findings, Mr. Clark proposed $ 175,000 per month for 24 months for implementing the entire project. However, the client requested Appshop to lower the prices and gave two alternative prices. Appshop could either accept $ 155,000 per month for 24 months or $ 125,000 per month for 24 months along with a bonus of $1. 5 million post satisfying certain criteria, the probability of which was 0. 7. In case, Appshop did not accept the two alternate prices suggested by the client, then the client would go for a bidding process. The company winning the bid would receive the revenue bid amount and a gain share reward. The reward would be based on the saving that the company would realize upon implementation of the project. Based on previous work undertaken for the client, Appshop estimated the savings for the client to be a maximum of $12. 8 million, a minimum of $ 3. 2 million and a most likely saving of $ 5. 6 million. Appshop for implementing the project, proposed to quote $ 150,000 for the bidding. The Appshop team estimated a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid at this price. Post Monte Carlo Simulation with Triangle distribution, the revenue realized was $ 3. 8 million as shown in Appendix 1. On analyzing the three alternatives available to Appshop Inc, the decision should be based on giving equal importance to the maximum revenue that can be realized and the risk associated with it. The first alternative would generate revenue of $3,543,765 and all of which is risk free, however this alternative gives the least revenue. The second alternative would generate revenue of $ 3,751,919. 5; however, there is a risk of 0. 7 per cent associated with winning the bonus. The third alternative, the bidding process, generates the highest revenue of $3. 8 million; but, there is only a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid. Since the difference in revenue realized by exploring alternative two and three is miniscule, the decision now will be made on the alternative, which has a higher prob ability of occurring. The risk associated with alternative two is lower than the risk associated with alternative three, therefore, we would recommend going ahead with the second alternative. Analysis and Execution of the case Appshop Inc had calculated that for implementation of the project, they would have to put in 1000 hours of work per month for the next 24 months. This would cost Appshop $ 140 per hour. Therefore, Appshop proposed $ 175,000 per month for 24 months. However, the client rejected this offer and proposed two alternatives. Alternative 1 was $ 155,000 per month for 24 months and Alternative 2 was $125,000 per month for the next 24 months along with a bonus component of $1. 5 million. However, the bonus was based on meeting the multiple benchmarks set across various parameters. Appshop estimated the probability of receiving the bonus to be 0. 7. Analysis of Alternatives Proposed By the Client To make comparisons, we need to calculate the present value of each of the amount that Appshop would receive from the client. The present value annuity factor would be = (1/r – 1/r (1+r) ^24), the discount rate is . 5 per cent/month. Thus, the annuity factor calculated comes out to be 22. 563. Analyzing Alternative 1: $ 155,000 per month for 24 months With this amount, the client would pay = 155,000 x 22. 863 = $3,543,765. This amount is far below than the one proposed by Appshop of $3,948,525($175,000 x 22. 563). Analyzing Alternative 2: $ 125,000 per month for 24 months plus a $1. 5 million bonus. The probability of Appshop receiving this bonus based on their calculations was 0. 7. With this amount, the client would pay = 125,000 x 22. 563 = $2,820,375. To calculate the bonus, we need to firstly find the present value of $1. 5 million and multiply that with the probability of winning. The present value of $ 1. 5 million is = $1,330,778. 50. We now multiply this amount by 0. 7, the probability factor = $931, 5 44. 50 Therefore, the total amount that Appshop would receive from exploring this alternative two would be = 2,820,375+ 9 31,544. 950 = $ 3,751,919. 95. This amount is also lower than the one proposed by Appshop of $ 3,948,525 ($175,000 x 22. 563). We now explore alternate 3. Analysis of the Bidding Alternatives Analyzing Alternative 3: The company winning the bid would receive the revenue bid a mount and a gain share reward based. The reward would be based on the saving that the company would realize upon implementation of the project. The table below shows the saving and the bonus associated with it. Savings |Winning bidders share of saving | |< $4 million |0 | |$4 million upto $6 million|20 percent of excess above $6 million | |$4 million upto $6 million|$400,000 plus 40 percent of excess above $6 million | |> $8 million |$1. 2 million plus 60 percent of excess above $8 million| Based on previous work undertaken for the client, Appshop estimated the savings for the client to be a maximum of $12. million, a minimum of $ 3. 2 million and a most likely saving of $ 5. 6 million. Appshop for implementing the project, proposed to quote $ 150,000 for the bidding. The Appshop team estimated a 45 per cent chance of winning the bid at this price. We would use the Monte Carlo Simulation with Triangle Distribution [see Appendices] to find the revenue that Appshop would receive post bidding at the $ 150,000. The total revenue that Appshop would receive on winning the bid would be a total of the revenue bid and the share of the saving. Appendix 2 & 4 show the histogram for total cost and gain share based on the Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation also gives us a value of $ 3. 8 million, which is what Appshop would receive if it participates in the bidding process (ref appendix 1). This amount of $ 3. 8 million is generated by taking into consideration the probability of winning and the various profit sharing model devised by the client. Conclusion As we compare the present value of the revenues realized by alternative one, two and three, it is clear that alternative three is the best option in terms of revenue. Option one gives present value revenue of $3,543,765, which is the lowest as compared to the other two alternatives. Alternative two with revenue of $$ 3,751,919. 95 an alternative three with revenue of $ 3. 8 million have nearly the same value. However, there is only a 45 per cent probability of realizing alternative three (bidding process), whereas in alternative two, the probability of receiving the bonus is 0. 7. Therefore, considering the revenue and the risk associated with it, alternative 2 is the best choice for Appshop Inc to go ahead with.